Association of polymorphism in leptin receptor gene with susceptibility of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

PURPOSE: Abnormal leptin bioavailability has play key roles in the etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Both leptin and its receptor levels may be modulated by the presence of genetic polymorphisms. This study aimed to evaluate the role of polymorphisms in the leptin (LEP) and its main receptor (LEPR) genes in the AIS susceptibility in girls. METHODS: A retrospective case-control study was conducted with 189 AIS and 240 controls. LEP rs2167270 and LEPR rs2767485 polymorphisms were genotyped using a TaqMan validated assay. Associations were evaluated by odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: The AIS group showed a predominance of girls under 18 years old (n = 140, 74.1%), 148 (78.3%) had low or normal BMI, 111 (58.7%) had Cobb ≥ 45º and 130 (68.7%) were skeletally mature. Minor allele frequencies of rs2167270 and rs2767485 were 35.7% and 18.3%, for AIS and 35.6% and 25.4% for controls, respectively. LEPR rs2767485 T and TC + TT were associated with higher risk of AIS (OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.09-2.13 and OR = 1.84; 95% CI = 1.69-2.01, respectively), since CC genotype was only present in the control group. In addition, the LEP rs2167270 GA + AA was more frequent in low weight group (BMI ≤ 24.9) of girls with AIS. There was no significant association between LEP rs2167270 and AIS susceptibility, and LEPR rs2767485 and BMI. CONCLUSION: The LEPR rs2767485 was associated with the genetic susceptibility of AIS and LEP rs2167270 with low BMI. These data can contribute to the identification of genetic biomarkers to improve the diagnosis and treatment.

Evaluation of cervical lordosis in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis / Avaliação da lordose cervical nos pacientes com escoliose idiopática do adolescente / Evaluación de lordosis cervical en pacientes con escoliosis idiopática del adolescente

ABSTRACT: Introduction: In healthy individuals and in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), the curvature of the cervical spine varies greatly, with approximately 36-40% of AIS patients having kyphosis of the cervical spine. Aim: To assess the curvature of the cervical spine in AIS patients and subgroups according to Lenke's classification (1 to 6). Methods: 107 patients with AIS were assessed for cervical lordosis (C2-C7) using the Cobb method, subdivided into lordosis and cervical kyphosis. The following parameters were assessed and compared between the subgroups: T5-T12 thoracic kyphosis (TK); L1-S1 lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), T1 pelvic angle (TPA), C2-C7 cervical lordosis, C1-C2 cervical lordosis, T1 slope (T1s), neck tilt, thoracic inlet angle (TIA) and cervical sagittal axis (CSVA). Results: Kyphosis of the cervical spine was observed in 48% of patients. The Lenke classification curves (1 to 6) showed no difference with regard to the curvature of the cervical spine. In the subgroup with cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, and T1 slope were significantly higher. Neck tilt was significantly higher in the subgroup with kyphosis. Conclusions: Almost half of the patients have kyphosis of the cervical spine, and the curvature of the cervical spine in AIS patients varies widely. Thoracic kyphosis, T1 slope, and neck tilt are significantly different between the subgroups of patients with lordosis or kyphosis. Level of Evidence III; Observational and Retrospective Study.

RESUMO: Introdução: Nos indivíduos saudáveis e nos pacientes com escoliose idiopática do adolescente (EIA) a curvatura da coluna cervical apresenta grande variação, sendo que aproximadamente 36-40% dos pacientes com EIA apresentam cifose da coluna cervical. Objetivo: Avaliar a curvatura da coluna cervical nos pacientes com EIA e nos subgrupos, de acordo com a classificação de Lenke (1 a 6). Métodos: Foram avaliados 107 pacientes com EIA quanto a lordose cervical (C2-C7), pelo método de Cobb, subdivididos em dois grupos: lordose e cifose cervical. Foram avaliados e comparados entre os subgrupos os seguintes parâmetros: cifose torácica T5-T12 (TK); lordose lombar L1-S1 (LL), incidência pélvica (PI), eixo sagital vertical (SVA), ângulo T1 pélvico (TPA), lordose cervical C2-C7, lordose cervical C1-C2, inclinação T1 (T1s), inclinação cervical (neck tilt), ângulo entrada torácica (TIA) e eixo cervical sagital (CSVA). Resultados: A cifose da coluna cervical foi observada em 48% dos pacientes. As curvas de classificação de Lenke (1 a 6) não apresentaram diferença com relação à curvatura da coluna cervical. No subgrupo com lordose cervical a cifose torácica e a inclinação de T1 foram significativamente maiores. A inclinação cervical foi significativamente maior no subgrupo com cifose. Conclusões: Quase a metade dos pacientes apresenta cifose da coluna cervical, sendo amplamente variável a curvatura da coluna cervical nos pacientes com EIA. A cifose torácica, a inclinação de T1 e a inclinação cervical são significativamente diferentes entre os subgrupos de pacientes com lordose ou cifose. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo Observacional e Retrospectivo.

RESUMEN: Introducción: En individuos sanos y en pacientes con escoliosis idiopática del adolescente (EIA), la curvatura de la columna cervical varía enormemente, y aproximadamente el 36-40% de los pacientes con EIA presentan cifosis de la columna cervical. Objetivo: Evaluar la curvatura de la columna cervical en pacientes con EIA y subgrupos según la clasificación de Lenke (1 a 6). Métodos: Se evaluó la lordosis cervical (C2-C7) de 107 pacientes con EIA mediante el método de Cobb, subdivididos en dos grupos: lordosis y cifosis cervical. Se evaluaron y compararon los siguientes parámetros entre los subgrupos: Cifosis torácica (TK) T5-T12; lordosis lumbar (LL) L1-S1, incidencia pélvica (PI), eje vertical sagital (SVA), ángulo pélvico T1 (TPA), lordosis cervical C2-C7, lordosis cervical C1-C2, inclinación T1 (T1s), inclinación del cuello, ángulo de la entrada torácica (TIA) y eje sagital cervical (CSVA). Resultados: Se observó cifosis de la columna cervical en el 48% de los pacientes. Las curvas de clasificación de Lenke (1 a 6) no mostraron diferencias con respecto a la curvatura de la columna cervical. En el subgrupo con lordosis cervical, la cifosis torácica y la inclinación T1 eran significativamente mayores. La inclinación cervical fue significativamente mayor en el subgrupo con cifosis. Conclusiones: Casi la mitad de los pacientes presentan cifosis de la columna cervical, y la curvatura de la columna cervical en los pacientes con EIA varía ampliamente. La cifosis torácica, la inclinación T1 y la inclinación cervical son significativamente diferentes entre los subgrupos de pacientes con lordosis o cifosis. Nivel de Evidencia: III; Estudio Observacional y Retrospectivo.

Sagittal misalignment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis / Desalinhamento sagital na escoliose idiopática do adolescente / Mala alineación sagital en la escoliosis idiopática del adolescente

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The correlation between sagittal and coronal parameters in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) presents contradictory results and is not fully understood. Objective: To evaluate the sagittal vertical axis (SVA) and its correlation with sagittal parameters and the main curve in patients diagnosed with AIS. Methods: 109 patients with AIS and indications for surgical treatment were evaluated. The correlation of the SVA with sagittal parameters (thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, pelvic incidence, lumbar lordosis, pelvic version, and sacral inclination) and with the main curves (main thoracic and thoracolumbar/lumbar) was evaluated. Results: The SVA ranged from -208 to 66.30 mm (mean -19.64 ± 36.21), above 50 mm in two patients (1.83%). There was no correlation between the sagittal parameters and the magnitude of the main curve and the SVA. Conclusion: The SVA showed great variability in the group of patients with AIS; a small percentage of patients had an SVA greater than 50 mm. The low percentage of patients with sagittal misalignment showed the compensatory capacity of young patients with vertebral deformity. Level of Evidence: III; Observational and Retrospective Study.

RESUMO: Introdução: A correlação entre os parâmetros sagitais e coronais nos pacientes com escoliose idiopática do adolescente (EIA) apresenta resultados contraditórios e não está totalmente esclarecida. Objetivo: Avaliar o eixo sagital vertical (SVA) e sua correlação com parâmetros sagitais e a curva principal de pacientes com diagnóstico de EIA. Métodos: Foram avaliados 109 pacientes com EIA e indicação de tratamento cirúrgico. Foi avaliada a correlação do SVA com parâmetros sagitais (cifose torácica, lordose lombar, incidência pélvica, lordose lombar, versão pélvica e inclinação do sacro) e com as curvas principais (torácica principal e toracolombar/lombar). Resultados: O SVA variou de -208 a 66,30 mm (média -19,64 ± 36,21), ficando acima de 50 mm em dois pacientes (1,83%). Não foi observada correlação dos parâmetros sagitais e da magnitude da curva principal com o SVA. Conclusão: O SVA apresentou grande variabilidade no grupo de pacientes com EIA e pequena porcentagem dos pacientes apresentaram SVA maior que 50 mm. A baixa porcentagem de pacientes com desalinhamento sagital evidenciou a capacidade compensatória dos pacientes jovens e com deformidade vertebral. Nível de Evidência: III; Estudo Observacional e Retrospectivo.

RESUMEN: Introducción: La correlación entre los parámetros sagitales y coronales en pacientes con escoliosis idiopática del adolescente (EIA) presenta resultados contradictorios y no se comprende completamente. Objetivo: Evaluar el eje vertical sagital (SVA) y su correlación con los parámetros sagitales y la curva principal en pacientes diagnosticados de EIA. Métodos: Se evaluaron 109 pacientes con EIA e indicación de tratamiento quirúrgico. Se evaluó la correlación del SVA con parámetros sagitales (cifosis torácica, lordosis lumbar, incidencia pélvica, lordosis lumbar, versión pélvica e inclinación sacra) y con las curvas principales (torácica principal y toracolumbar/lumbar). Resultados: El SVA osciló entre -208 y 66,30 mm (media -19,64 ± 36,21), siendo superior a 50 mm en dos pacientes (1,83%). No hubo correlación entre los parámetros sagitales o la magnitud de la curva principal y el SVA. Conclusión: El SVA mostró una gran variabilidad en el grupo de pacientes con EIA y un pequeño porcentaje de pacientes presentó una SVA superior a 50 mm. El bajo porcentaje de pacientes con desalineación sagital mostró la capacidad compensatoria de los pacientes jóvenes con deformidad vertebral. Nivel de Evidencia: III; Estudio Observacional y Retrospectivo.

Polymorphisms in paired box 1 gene were associated with susceptibility of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A case-control study.

Background: Association of genetic polymorphisms in paired box 1 (PAX-1) gene can influence the development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). PAX-1 is mainly expressed in the region of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs, being important for the proper formation of spinal structures. Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of polymorphisms in PAX-1 gene with the susceptibility of AIS. Settings and Design: This was an analytical observational case-control study. Materials and Methods: Samples of 59 AIS indicated for surgical treatment, and 119 controls, without spinal disease were genotyped for PAX-1 rs6137473 and rs169311 polymorphisms. Statistical Analysis: The association of the polymorphisms with AIS was evaluated by a multivariable logistic regression model, using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: According to Lenke's classification, 89.8% had Type I and 10.2% II curves. The mean value of the Cobb angle of the proximal thoracic curve was 30.8°, 58.7° thoracic, and 30.4° for the lumbar and on the bending films 14.6°, 40.7°, and 11°, respectively. Among the AIS group, there was a predominance of females (8.8:1). The PAX-1 rs169311 and rs6137473 polymorphisms were positively associated with developing the AIS (OR = 1.98; 95% CI = 1.2-3.3 and OR = 3.16; 95% CI = 1.4-7.3, respectively). The rs6137473 polymorphism was associated with the lumbar modifier B and C compared to A (OR = 2.52; 95% CI = 1.1-5.8). Conclusions: PAX-1 polymorphisms were associated with an increased risk of developing the AIS and with curve severity and can be used as a biomarker to map the risk of developing surgical-grade AIS, guiding the treatment of patients.

Association of FBN1 polymorphism with susceptibility of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Fibrillin-1 (FBN1) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein essential to the structural component of microfibrils and FBN1 gene polymorphisms can be associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) susceptibility. This study aimed to evaluate the potential role of the FBN1 rs12916536 polymorphism in AIS development or severity and the variation in Cobb angle in relation to patient's characteristics. METHODS: DNA from 563 subjects (185 AIS patients and 378 controls) were genotyped using a validated TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. A multivariate logistic regression model evaluated the association between polymorphism and AIS, using the adjusted odds ratios (OR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A linear regression analysis evaluated the variation in Cobb angle according to the patient's age and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: Among the AIS group there was a predominance of females (12:1), low or normal BMI (90%), 58% had a Cobb angle greater than 45° and 74% were skeletally mature. Age was a risk factor (4-fold) for curve progression higher than BMI (P < 0.001). The allelic frequency of the rs12916536 G > A polymorphism was 40% in controls and 31% in AIS cases; and this difference was statistically significant (P = 0.004). FBN1 rs12916536 GA + AA genotypes were associated with a lower risk of AIS susceptibility (OR = 0.58 and 95% CI = 0.35-0.98), after adjustment for age, sex and BMI. However, no significant differences were detected in polymorphism distribution with the severity of the disease (Cobb < 45° or ≥ 45°). CONCLUSION: Age was a risk factor for progression of the scoliotic curve and FBN1 rs12916536 polymorphism a protective factor for AIS susceptibility.

Correction of severe dystrophic scoliosis in neurofibromatosis 1 with posterior vertebral column resection in multiple levels / Correção da escoliose distrófica grave na neurofibromatose 1 por vertebrectomia posterior múltiplos níveis / Corrección de escoliosis distrófica grave en neurofibromatosis 1 con vertebrectomía posterior en múltiples niveles

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the results after multiple posterior vertebral column resection (PVCR) in patients with severe kyphoscoliosis secondary to neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). Methods Retrospective study of 4 adult male patients, mean age of 26.5 years, with severe rigid deformity, mean kyphosis of 122º and scoliosis of 88º, through clinical analysis and complementary exams. Results The mean postoperative follow-up was 27 months. Three vertebrae were resected on average. Interbody consolidation of arthrodesis was confirmed by CT in all cases. The correction rates of sagittal and coronal deformities were 54.09% and 70.45%, respectively. Prior to surgery, all patients were neurologically intact and as a post-surgical complication one patient had motor deficit (ASIA D) and pneumothorax also occurred in two patients. Conclusions The correction of severe kyphoscoliosis in adult patients with NF-1 is technically demanding and is not free of major complications. However, in view of the limited possibility of correction of these deformities, multiple-level PVCR has proved to be a safe and effective technique. Level of evidence IV; Case Series.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os resultados após a ressecção vertebral posterior (RCVP) múltiplos níveis em pacientes portadores de cifoescoliose grave secundária à neufibromatose tipo 1 (NF-1). Métodos Estudo retrospectivo de 4 pacientes: adultos do sexo masculino, idade média de 26,5 anos, portadores de deformidade rígida e grave, cifose média de 122º e escoliose média de 88º, por meio da análise clínica e exames complementares. Resultados O seguimento pós-operatório médio foi de 27 meses. Foram ressecadas, em média, três vértebras. Consolidação intersomática da artrodese foi confirmada por TC em todos os casos. As taxas de correção das deformidades sagital e coronal foram de 54,09% e 70,45%%, respectivamente. Previamente à cirurgia, todos os pacientes eram neurologicamente intactos e, como complicação, um paciente apresentou déficit motor (ASIA D). Ocorreu ainda pneumotórax em dois pacientes. Conclusão A correção da cifoescoliose grave em pacientes adultos portadores NF-1 é tecnicamente exigente e não está isenta de complicações maiores. Porém, diante da possibilidade restrita de técnicas de correção dessas deformidades, a RCVP múltiplos níveis mostrou-se uma técnica segura e eficaz. Nível de evidência IV; Série de Casos

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar los resultados después de la resección vertebral posterior (RPCV) en múltiples niveles en pacientes con cifoescoliosis grave secundaria a neurofibromatosis tipo 1 (NF-1). Métodos Estudio retrospectivo de 4 pacientes adultos del sexo masculino, con promedio de edad de 26,5 años, con deformidad rígida grave, cifosis promedio de 122º y escoliosis promedio de 88º, mediante un análisis clínico y exámenes complementarios. Resultados El seguimiento postoperatorio promedio fue de 27 meses. Tres vértebras fueron resecadas en promedio. La consolidación de la artrodesis intersomática fue confirmada por la TC en todos los casos. Los porcentajes de corrección de las deformidades coronales y sagitales fueron de 54,09% y 70,45%, respectivamente. Antes de la cirugía, todos los pacientes estaban intactos neurológicamente y un paciente tuvo déficit motor como complicación (ASIA D) y dos pacientes tuvieron neumotórax. Conclusiones La corrección de la cifoescoliosis graves en pacientes adultos con NF-1 es técnicamente exigente y no está exenta de complicaciones mayores. Sin embargo, en vista de la posibilidad limitada de corrección de estas deformidades, la RPCV de múltiples niveles ha demostrado ser una técnica segura y eficaz. Nivel de evidencia IV; Serie de Casos.

Modern techniques of cervical instrumentation in immature skeleton: viability assessment / Técnicas modernas de instrumentação cervical no esqueleto imaturo: avaliação da viabilidade / Técnicas modernas de instrumentación cervical en el esqueleto inmaduro: evaluación de la viabilidad

ABSTRACT Objective: This study describes the use of materials for modern cervical instrumentation, evaluating its viability in children and adolescents, and the techniques used in different cases. The efficacy of the techniques was analyzed through improvement of pain, maintenance of cervical range of motion, recovery of craniocervical stability, bone consolidation, and spinal stenosis in the postoperative follow-up. Method: Retrospective study of the clinical and radiological parameters of 27 patients aged two to 16 years with cervical spine diseases. Results: Two patients had chronic dislocation in C1-C2, one had congenital axis spondylolisthesis, two had congenital dislocation in C1-C2, three had tumors, one had kyphosis after laminectomy, one had post-infection kyphosis, one had fracture, 11 were syndromic with instabilities, and five had congenital cervical scoliosis. As to surgical approaches, two patients were transorally operated, three by anterior approach, 15 by posterior approach, two by anterior and posterior approaches, and five were treated in three stages (anterior, posterior and anterior approaches). Regarding the technique of cervical stabilization, seven patients were treated by Goel-Harms technique, two received Goel's facet distraction, and three, Wright translaminar screws. There were complications in four cases. Two patients in the instrumentation of C1 lateral mass due to poor positioning, one with cerebrospinal fluid fistula and one with surgical wound infection. Conclusion: Modern cervical instrumentation in pediatric patients is a safe and effective technique for the treatment of cervical instability.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este trabalho descreve o uso de materiais para instrumentação cervical moderna, avaliando sua viabilidade em crianças e adolescentes e as técnicas empregadas em diferentes casos. A eficácia das técnicas foi analisada através da melhora da dor, manutenção do arco de movimento, recuperação da estabilidade crânio-cervical, consolidação óssea e estenose de canal medular no seguimento pós-operatório. Método: Estudo retrospectivo dos parâmetros clínicos e radiológicos de 27 pacientes entre dois e 16 anos com doenças da coluna cervical. Resultados: Dois pacientes tinham luxação crônica em C1-C2, um tinha espondilolistese congênita do áxis, dois tinham luxação congênita C1-C2, três tinham tumores, um apresentou cifose pós-laminectomia, um tinha cifose pós-infecção, um tinha fratura, 11 eram sindrômicos com instabilidades e cinco tinham escoliose congênita. Quanto às vias de acesso, dois foram abordados por via transoral, três por via anterior, 15 por via posterior, dois por via anterior e posterior e cinco foram tratados em três etapas (anterior, posterior e anterior). Com relação à técnica de estabilização cervical, em sete foram utilizadas técnica de Goel-Harms, em dois, distração facetária de Goel e em três, parafusos translaminares de Wright. Houve complicações em quatro casos, dois pacientes na instrumentação da massa lateral de C1 por posicionamento inadequado, um com fístula liquórica e um com infecção da ferida operatória. Conclusão: A instrumentação cervical moderna em pacientes pediátricos é uma técnica segura e eficaz para o tratamento de instabilidade cervical.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Este trabajo describe el uso de materiales para instrumentación cervical moderna, evaluando su viabilidad en niños y adolescentes y las técnicas empleadas en diferentes casos. La eficacia de las técnicas fue analizada a través de la mejora del dolor, mantenimiento del rango de movimiento, recuperación de la estabilidad cráneo-cervical, consolidación ósea y estenosis del canal medular en el seguimiento postoperatorio. Método: Estudio retrospectivo de los parámetros clínicos y radiológicos de 27 pacientes entre dos y 16 años con enfermedades de la columna cervical. Resultados: Dos pacientes tenían luxación crónica en C1-C2, uno tenía espondilolistesis congénita del áxis, dos tenían luxación congénita C1-C2, tres tenía tumores, uno presentó cifosis post-laminectomía, uno tenía cifosis post-infección, uno tenía fractura, 11 eran sindrómicos con inestabilidades y cinco tenían escoliosis congénita. En cuanto a las vías de acceso, dos fueron abordados por vía transoral, tres por vía anterior, 15 por vía posterior, dos por vía anterior y posterior y cinco fueron tratados en tres etapas (anterior, posterior y anterior). Con respecto a la técnica de estabilización cervical, en siete se utilizó la técnica de Goel-Harms, en dos, distracción facetaria de Goel y en tres, tornillos translaminares de Wright. Se observaron complicaciones en cuatro casos, dos pacientes en la instrumentación de la masa lateral de C1 por mal posicionamiento, uno con fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo y uno con infección de la herida operatoria. Conclusión: La instrumentación cervical moderna en pacientes pediátricos es una técnica segura y eficaz para el tratamiento de la inestabilidad cervical.

Management of Type II Odontoid Fractures: Experience from Latin American Spine Centers.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze characteristics of type II odontoid fracture (TII-OF), including clinical and radiographic factors, that influence surgical planning in 8 Latin American centers. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was performed of 88 patients with TII-OF between 2004 and 2015 from 8 Latin American centers. Parameters studied included 1) demographic data and causes of TII-OF, 2) clinical and neurologic presentation, 3) characteristics of fracture (degree of odontoid displacement, displacement of odontoid relative to C2 body, anatomy of fracture line, distance between fragments, presence of comminution, contact area between odontoid and C2 body), 4) type of treatment, and 5) clinical and radiographic outcome. Bone fusion was assessed using computed tomography. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 45.33 years ± 23.54; 78.4% of patients were male. Surgery was the primary treatment in 65 patients (73.8%), with an anterior approach in 64.6%. Surgery was usually preferred in patients with posterior or horizontal oblique fracture lines, local pain, and a smaller bone contact surface between the odontoid and the body of C2. A posterior approach was chosen when distance between the fractured bone fragments was >2 mm or after failed conservative or anterior odontoid screw treatment in a symptomatic patient. CONCLUSION: The treatment of choice for TII-OF in 8 Latin American trauma centers was surgery through an anterior approach using screw fixation. Posterior segmental C1-C2 fixation was indicated when distance between bone fragments was >2 mm and in symptomatic patients with nonunion.

Avaliação do potencial osteogênico de células estromais da medula óssea de pacientes com escoliose / Evaluation of the osteogenic potential of bone marrow stromal cells isolated from scoliotic patients

Apesar de descrita há muitos anos em pacientes com escoliose idiopática do adolescente (EIA), a relação entre osteopenia e escoliose ainda é pouco compreendida. Mais recentemente, redução da densidade mineral óssea também foi relatada em associação com a escoliose congênita (EC). Estudos in vitro demonstraram que células estromais da medula óssea (BMSC) de pacientes com EIA apresentam diminuição na capacidade de diferenciação osteogênica e essa pode ser uma das razões pelas quais esses pacientes desenvolvem osteopenia e osteoporose. Apesar do relato da diminuição da massa óssea em pacientes com escoliose congênita (EC), não existem dados na literatura sobre a capacidade de diferenciação de BMSC desses pacientes. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial de formação óssea das BMSC de pacientes com EIA e EC, analisar sua frequência na medula óssea, sua capacidade proliferativa e o potencial de diferenciação in vitro e in vivo. BMSC foram isoladas de amostras ósseas de pacientes com EC e EIA, coletadas durante a cirurgia para correção da curvatura da coluna vertebral, e de indivíduos sem escoliose submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico de fraturas esqueléticas. O teste de eficiência de formação de colônias mostrou frequência reduzida de BMSC isoladas de pacientes com EIA e também maior tempo de duplicação celular em relação às BMSC de pacientes com EC e controles sem escoliose. A avaliação dos marcadores de superfície CD34, CD45, CD73, CD90 e CD146 por citometria de fluxo demonstrou perfil fenotípico similar entre as BMSC dos três grupos (EC, EIA e controle). Quanto ao potencial de diferenciação in vitro, BMSC dos três grupos foram capazes de originar células das linhagens osteogênica, adipogênica e condrogênica. Os ensaios funcionais para avaliar o potencial de formação de tecido ósseo in vivo mostraram que as BMSC de EIA e as BMSC do grupo controle reproduziram a microarquitetura do tecido ósseo, recapitulando o microambiente da medula óssea. Embora os mecanismos celulares e moleculares que contribuem para a perda de massa óssea na EIA e EC ainda não estejam totalmente definidos, nossos resultados favorecem a hipótese de que deficiências quantitativas e qualitativas da população de BMSC possam estar implicadas, respectivamente, com a patogenia da EIA e da EC

Although reported for many years in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), the relationship between osteopenia e scoliosis is still poorly understood. Recently, decreased bone mineral density has also been described in congenital scoliosis (CS) patients. In vitro studies have shown that bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) isolated from patients with EIA present reduced osteogenic differentiation capacity, which may be related to osteopenia. Despite reports of decreased bone mass in patients with congenital scoliosis (CS), there are no data in the literature on the differentiation potential of BMSC of those patients. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the bone forming potential of BMSC of patients with AIS e CS, to analyze their frequency in the bone marrow, its proliferative capacity e the potential for differentiation in vitro e in vivo. BMSC were isolated from EC e EIA bone samples harvested during surgery for spine curvature correction, e from individuals without scoliosis submitted surgical treatment of skeletal trauma. Colony forming efficiency assay showed reduced frequency of BMSC isolated from patients with EIA e also a longer time of cell duplication compared to BMSC of patients with CS e control without scoliosis. The evaluation of the surface markers CD34, CD45, CD73, CD90, e CD146 by flow cytometry demonstrated similar phenotypic profile for BMSC from the three groups (EC, EIA e control). In relation to the potential to differentiate in vitro, BMSC from the three groups differentiated into osteogenic, chondrogenic e adipogenic lineages. Functional assays to evaluate the potential for bone tissue formation in vivo showed that BMSC from AIS e BMSC from control group reproduced the microarchitecture of bone tissue, recapitulating the microenvironment of the bone marrow. Although the cellular e molecular mechanisms contributing to bone mass loss in AIS e CS have not yet been fully established, our results favor the hypothesis that quantitative e qualitative impairment of BMSC population may be, respectively, implicated in the pathogenesis of osteopenia associated with AIS e CS

Results of the use of peek cages in the treatment of basilar invagination by Goel technique / Resultados do uso de cage em peek no tratamento da invaginação basilar pela técnica de Goel / Resultados de la utilización de caja de peek en el tratamiento de la invaginación basilar por la técnica de Goel

ABSTRACT Objective: Analysis of the use of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cages for atlantoaxial facet realignment and distraction for treatment of basilar invagination by Goel technique. Method: Retrospective descriptive statistical analysis of the neurological status, pain, presence of subsidence and bone fusion with the use of PEEK cages in 8 atlantoaxial joints of 4 patients with basilar invagination. All patients were treated with atlantoaxial facet distraction and realignment and subsequent arthrodesis C1-C2 by the technique of Goel modified by the use of PEEK cage. Results: All patients showed improvement in Nurick neurological assessment scale and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of pain. There were no cases of subsidence, migration, or damage to the vertebral artery during the insertion of the cage. All joints evolved with bone fusion, assessed by dynamic radiographs, and computed tomography. Two patients developed neuropathic pain in dermatome of C2 and one patient had unilateral vertebral artery injury during C2 instrumentation treated with insertion of pedicle screw to control the bleeding. Conclusion: The results of the treatment of basilar invagination by the Goel technique with the use of PEEK cages shown to be effective and safe although further studies are needed to confirm this use.

RESUMO Objetivo: Análise do uso do implante tipo cage em poli-éter-éter-cetona (PEEK) no realinhamento e distração facetária atlantoaxial da invaginação basilar pela técnica de Goel. Método: Análise estatística descritiva retrospectiva de estado neurológico, dor, presença de fusão óssea e subsidência com o uso do cage em PEEK em 8 articulações atlantoaxiais de 4 pacientes portadores de invaginação basilar, todos tratados com distração, realinhamento atlantoaxial e artrodese posterior C1-C2 pela técnica de Goel, modificada pela utilização do cage em PEEK. Resultados: Todos os pacientes apresentaram melhora na escala de avaliação neurológica de Nurick e na Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) de dor. Não ocorreu caso de subsidência, migração ou dano à artéria vertebral decorrente da colocação do cage. Cem por cento das articulações evoluíram com fusão óssea, avaliada por radiografia dinâmica e tomografia computadorizada. Dois pacientes evoluíram com dor neuropática no dermátomo de C2 e em um paciente houve lesão unilateral da artéria vertebral durante a instrumentação de C2, tratada com inserção do parafuso pedicular para controle do sangramento. Conclusão: Os resultados da redução vertical da invaginação basilar pela técnica de Goel com a utilização de cage em PEEK mostrou ser eficaz e segura, porém ainda são necessários estudos para confirmar essa utilização.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Análisis del uso del implante tipo caja en poli-éter-éter-cetona (PEEK) en el realineamiento y distracción facetaria atlantoaxial de la invaginación basilar por la técnica de Goel. Métodos: Fue realizado un análisis estadístico descriptivo retrospectivo del status neurológico, dolor, presencia de fusión ósea y hundimiento con el uso de la caja en PEEK en 8 articulaciones atlantoaxiales de 4 pacientes que presentaban invaginación basilar, todos tratados con distracción y realineamiento atlantoaxial y artrodesis posterior C1-C2 mediante la técnica de Goel. Resultados: Todos los pacientes presentaron mejoría en la escala de evaluación neurológica de Nurick y en la Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) del dolor. No hubo casos de hundimiento, migración o daño a la arteria vertebral debido a la colocación del implante. El 100% de las articulaciones evolucionaron con fusión ósea evaluada por radiografía dinámica y tomografía computarizada. Dos pacientes evolucionaron con dolor neuropático en el dermatomo de C2, y en un paciente hubo lesión unilateral de la arteria vertebral durante la instrumentación de C2, tratada con inserción de un tornillo pedicular para control del sangrado. Conclusión: Los resultados de la reducción vertical de la invaginación basilar por la técnica de Goel con el uso de caja en PEEK han demostrado ser eficaz y segura pero se necesitan más estudios para confirmar este uso.

Management of severe and rigid idiopathic scoliosis.

Frequently, severe idiopathic scoliosis patients are first seen in a spine centre after years of deformity evolution, presenting with large curves, severe rib hump, shoulder and trunk imbalance and cardiorespiratory complications related to neglected scoliosis. Severe rigid idiopathic scoliosis has <25% of correction on bending films and major curve over 90°. Adequate mobilization of this type of deformity is necessary to achieve maximal correction, often requiring more extensive surgical intervention, with care taken to avoid clinical and neurological complications. Halo traction, internal temporary distraction, releases, osteotomies and apical vertebral resection are often used in combination to achieve optimal results. Indications must be tailored by surgeons considering resources, deformity characteristics and patient's profile. Vertebral resection procedures may have potential neurological and clinical risks and should be one of the last treatment options performed by experienced surgical team. Neuromonitoring is essential during these procedures.